Software's best weekly news brief, deep technical interviews & talk show.
…
continue reading
Software Code Podcasts
Deception, influence, and social engineering in the world of cyber crime.
…
continue reading
Technical interviews about software topics.
…
continue reading
A weekly talk show taking a pragmatic look at the art and business of Software Development and the world of technology.
…
continue reading
It takes more than great code to be a great engineer. Soft Skills Engineering is a weekly advice podcast for software developers about the non-technical stuff that goes into being a great software developer.
…
continue reading
The daily cybersecurity news and analysis industry leaders depend on. Published each weekday, the program also includes interviews with a wide spectrum of experts from industry, academia, and research organizations all over the world.
…
continue reading
Lock and Code tells the human stories within cybersecurity, privacy, and technology. Rogue robot vacuums, hacked farm tractors, and catastrophic software vulnerabilities—it’s all here.
…
continue reading
For more than a dozen years, the Stack Overflow Podcast has been exploring what it means to be a developer and how the art and practice of software programming is changing our world. From Rails to React, from Java to Node.js, we host important conversations and fascinating guests that will help you understand how technology is made and where it’s headed. Hosted by Ben Popper, Cassidy Williams, and Ceora Ford, the Stack Overflow Podcast is your home for all things code.
…
continue reading
What is DevOps? We will attempt to answer this and many more questions.
…
continue reading
Software Engineering Radio is a podcast targeted at the professional software developer. The goal is to be a lasting educational resource, not a newscast. SE Radio covers all topics software engineering. Episodes are either tutorials on a specific topic, or an interview with a well-known character from the software engineering world. All SE Radio episodes are original content — we do not record conferences or talks given in other venues. Each episode comprises two speakers to ensure a lively ...
…
continue reading
The stories and people behind the code. Hear stories of software development from interesting people.
…
continue reading
Programming Throwdown educates Computer Scientists and Software Engineers on a cavalcade of programming and tech topics. Every show will cover a new programming language, so listeners will be able to speak intelligently about any programming language.
…
continue reading
The Azure & DevOps Podcast is a show for developers and devops professionals shipping software using Microsoft technologies. Each show brings you hard-hitting interviews with industry experts innovating better methods and sharing success stories. Listen in to learn how to increase quality, ship quickly, and operate well. Hosted by Jeffrey Palermo and sponsored by Clear Measure, Inc.
…
continue reading

1
Syntax - Tasty Web Development Treats
Wes Bos & Scott Tolinski - Full Stack JavaScript Web Developers
Full Stack Developers Wes Bos and Scott Tolinski dive deep into web development topics, explaining how they work and talking about their own experiences. They cover from JavaScript frameworks like React, to the latest advancements in CSS to simplifying web tooling.
…
continue reading
The software industry has a short memory. It warps good ideas, quickly obfuscating their context and intent. Dead Code seeks to extract the good ideas from the chaos of modern software development. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
…
continue reading
The official podcast of the freeCodeCamp.org open source community. Each week, freeCodeCamp founder Quincy Larson interviews developers, founders, and ambitious people in tech. Learn to math, programming, and computer science for free, and turbo-charge your developer career with our free open source curriculum: https://www.freecodecamp.org
…
continue reading
Hanselminutes is Fresh Air for Developers. A weekly commute-time podcast that promotes fresh technology and fresh voices. Talk and Tech for Developers, Life-long Learners, and Technologists.
…
continue reading
Unsupervised Learning is about ideas and trends in Cybersecurity, National Security, AI, Technology, and Culture—and how best to upgrade ourselves to be ready for what's coming.
…
continue reading
.NET Rocks! is an Internet Audio Talk Show for Microsoft .NET Developers.
…
continue reading
Audio podcasts on software testing.
…
continue reading
Software developer at Huawei, founder of Zerocracy, author of Elegant Objects, creator of Zold
…
continue reading
The Laracasts snippet, each episode, offers a single thought on some aspect of web development.
…
continue reading
We talk about Ruby, Rails, JavaScript, and everything in between. From tiny tips to bigger challenges we take on 3 questions a show; What are you working on? What's blocking you? What's something cool you want to share?
…
continue reading
A podcast about crafting software where we discuss the importance of doing the right thing, at the right time, with the right tools.
…
continue reading
coffee => code
…
continue reading
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is the web’s core styling language. For web developers, It’s one of the quickest technologies to get started with, but one of the hardest to master. Follow Una Kravets and Bramus Van Damme, Developer Advocates from Google, who gleefully breakdown complex aspects of CSS into digestible episodes covering everything from accessibility to z-index.
…
continue reading
Software Unscripted, A weekly podcast of casual conversations about code hosted by Richard Feldman. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
…
continue reading
The latest machine learning, A.I., and data career topics from across both academia and industry are brought to you by host Dr. Jon Krohn on the Super Data Science Podcast. As the quantity of data on our planet doubles every couple of years and with this trend set to continue for decades to come, there's an unprecedented opportunity for you to make a meaningful impact in your lifetime. In conversation with the biggest names in the data science industry, Jon cuts through hype to fuel that pro ...
…
continue reading
A biweekly podcast on the Django Web Framework by Will Vincent and Carlton Gibson.
…
continue reading
Do you feel like you're hitting a wall with your existing software projects? Are you curious to hear how other people are navigating this? You're not alone. On the Maintainable Software Podcast, Robby speaks with seasoned practitioners who have overcome the technical and cultural problems often associated with software development. Our guests will share stories in each episode and outline tangible, real-world approaches to software challenges. In turn, you'll uncover new ways of thinking abo ...
…
continue reading
Welcome to the Security Weekly Podcast Network, your all-in-one source for the latest in cybersecurity! This feed features a diverse lineup of shows, including Application Security Weekly, Business Security Weekly, Paul's Security Weekly, Enterprise Security Weekly, and Security Weekly News. Whether you're a cybersecurity professional, business leader, or tech enthusiast, we cover all angles of the cybersecurity landscape. Tune in for in-depth panel discussions, expert guest interviews, and ...
…
continue reading
On The Bike Shed, hosts Joël Quenneville and Stephanie Minn discuss development experiences and challenges at thoughtbot with Ruby, Rails, JavaScript, and whatever else is drawing their attention, admiration, or ire this week.
…
continue reading
The a16z Podcast discusses tech and culture trends, news, and the future – especially as ‘software eats the world’. It features industry experts, business leaders, and other interesting thinkers and voices from around the world. This podcast is produced by Andreessen Horowitz (aka “a16z”), a Silicon Valley-based venture capital firm. Multiple episodes are released every week; visit a16z.com for more details and to sign up for our newsletters and other content as well!
…
continue reading
A weekly podcast of all things application security related. Hosted by Ken Johnson and Seth Law.
…
continue reading
discussions on topics connected with software development; privacy, security, management, tools, techniques, skills, training, business, soft skills, health
…
continue reading
Back after a two-year hiatus, engineering leaders Emma Bostian and Kelly Vaughn return for Season 7 of the Ladybug Podcast, giving you a deep dive into all things engineering leadership. With nearly 1 million total listens, Ladybug Podcast covers tech, career, and code, bringing unique viewpoints from a variety of guests and co-hosts. Check out our website!
…
continue reading
About all things AppSec, DevOps, and DevSecOps. Hosted by Mike Shema and John Kinsella, the podcast focuses on helping its audience find and fix software flaws effectively.
…
continue reading
A podcast about web design and development.
…
continue reading
Hacker Public Radio is an podcast that releases shows every weekday Monday through Friday. Our shows are produced by the community (you) and can be on any topic that are of interest to hackers and hobbyists.
…
continue reading

1
Story: Risk Rolls Downhill - The Software Bug That Sent People to Prison
54:58
54:58
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
54:58What if a software bug drained your savings, ruined your reputation, and nobody believed it wasn’t your fault? Scott Darlington took over a village post office, hoping to give his family a steady life. But the software system kept showing cash shortfalls he couldn’t explain. Each time, the Post Office told him the numbers were right and made him pa…
…
continue reading

1
946: We Got Roasted for Our Websites — Fair
57:35
57:35
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
57:35In this potluck episode of Syntax, Wes and Scott answer your questions about why devs neglect their own websites, hosting shady projects (hypothetically), AI rules in version control, balancing side projects and family life, and more! Show Notes 00:00 Welcome to Syntax! 01:43 Why devs neglect their own websites (and how to convince your parents cod…
…
continue reading

1
Ben Horowitz and Ali Ghodsi: How to Run a Billion-Dollar Business
1:04:36
1:04:36
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:04:36By Erik Torenberg, Ali Ghodsi, Ben Horowitz
…
continue reading

1
DOP 320: Why Dashboards Alone Are Not Enough for Incident Response
52:24
52:24
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
52:24#320: In this episode, Darin and Viktor are joined by Jim Hirschauer, Head of Product Marketing at Xurrent, for a deep dive into the realities of incident management in today's complex IT environments. While dashboards and monitoring tools have become ubiquitous in operations centers, the panel discusses why these visualizations alone often fall sh…
…
continue reading

1
Automating Compliance and Risk with Agentic AI as CISOs (R)Evolve - Trevor Horwitz - BSW #417
54:20
54:20
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
54:20Still managing compliance in a spreadsheet? Don't have enough time or resources to verify your control or risk posture? And you wonder why you can't get the budget to move your compliance and risk programs forward. Maybe it's time for a different approach. Trevor Horwitz, Founder and CISO at TrustNet joins Business Security Weekly to discuss how th…
…
continue reading
This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. Hello again. this is Trey. This is part 2 in my Cheap Yellow Display (CYD) Project series. You can find Part 1 in episode 4472. We previously left our handy hero learning about the technology of the CYD, but without a compelling reason to begin using one. As we rejoin the topic, it was Winter Field D…
…
continue reading

1
Bikers, Apple, Storm-657, Astaroth, EES, Salesforce, Aaran Leyland, and more... - SWN #520
32:37
32:37
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
32:37Bikers, Apple, Storm-657, Astaroth, EES, Salesforce, Aaran Leyland, and more on the Security Weekly News. Visit https://www.securityweekly.com/swn for all the latest episodes! Show Notes: https://securityweekly.com/swn-520
…
continue reading
Some thoughts on how novelty and attention magnify the time that we have. Become a Member: https://danielmiessler.com/upgrade See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.By Daniel Miessler
…
continue reading
Fortra confirms an exploitation of the maximum-severity GoAnywhere flaw. Harvard investigates a claim of a breach. Banking Trojan targets Brazilian WhatsApp users. Reduction-in-force hits CISA. SimonMed says 1.2 million hit by Medusa ransomware. Netherlands invokes the Goods Availability Act against a Chinese company. We have our Business Breakdown…
…
continue reading

1
SE Radio 690: Florian Gilcher on Rust for Safety-Critical Systems
1:03:44
1:03:44
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:03:44Florian Gilcher, co-founder of Ferrous Systems and the Rust Foundation, speaks with host Giovanni Asproni about the application of Rust in mission- and safety-critical systems. The discussion starts with a brief overview of such systems, and an introduction to Rust, emphasizing aspects that make it well-suited for critical environments. Florian and…
…
continue reading
For the 300th (!!!!) episode of the podcast, Seth and Ken reminisce on changes to the industry and overall approach to application security since inception. The hosts discussed the evolution of the industry, noting that once-popular approaches like blindly emulating "hip" Silicon Valley security programs and running unmanaged Security Champions Pro…
…
continue reading

1
Playwright Testing: How to Make UI and API Tests 10x Faster with Naeem Malik
27:46
27:46
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
27:46Show notes: Playwright Testing: How to Make UI and API Tests 10x Faster with Naeem MalikBy Testing Podcast
…
continue reading

1
Is AI Slowing Down? Nathan Labenz Says We're Asking the Wrong Question
1:31:02
1:31:02
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:31:02Nathan Labenz is one of the clearest voices analyzing where AI is headed, pairing sharp technical analysis with his years of work on The Cognitive Revolution. In this episode, Nathan joins a16z’s Erik Torenberg to ask a pressing question: is AI progress actually slowing down, or are we just getting used to the breakthroughs? They discuss the debate…
…
continue reading

1
931: Boost Your Profits with Mathematical Optimization, feat. Jerry Yurchisin
1:13:12
1:13:12
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:13:12AI predictions, and how to act on them: Data Science Strategist at Gurobi, Jerry Yurchisin, speaks to Jon Krohn about how mathematical optimization helps enterprises automate decisions for business success and where to find the resources to make it happen. This episode is brought to you by the ODSC, the Open Data Science Conference, by Fabi, by D…
…
continue reading

1
Static Analysis for Ruby with Jake Zimmerman
47:13
47:13
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
47:13Dynamic languages like Ruby, Python, and JavaScript determine the types of variables at runtime rather than at compile time. This flexibility allows for rapid development and concise code, but it also makes it harder to catch certain classes of bugs before execution. Type checkers for dynamic languages add structure and safety without compromising …
…
continue reading

1
Inside the OWASP GenAI Security Project - Steve Wilson - ASW #352
1:07:32
1:07:32
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:07:32Interest and participation in the OWASP GenAI Security Project has exploded over the last two years. Steve Wilson explains why it was important for the project to grow beyond just a Top Ten list and address more audiences than just developers. He also talks about how the growth of AI Agents influences the areas that appsec teams need to focus on. W…
…
continue reading

1
Inside the OWASP GenAI Security Project - Steve Wilson - ASW #352
1:07:32
1:07:32
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:07:32Interest and participation in the OWASP GenAI Security Project has exploded over the last two years. Steve Wilson explains why it was important for the project to grow beyond just a Top Ten list and address more audiences than just developers. He also talks about how the growth of AI Agents influences the areas that appsec teams need to focus on. W…
…
continue reading

1
Nathan Ladd: Relentless Improvement and the Cost of Neglect
54:31
54:31
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
54:31Episode Notes The discussion moves into how standards evolve beyond tools, the trade-offs of monocultures vs. consensus-driven teams, and why ownership matters when the original authors move on. Nathan also unpacks the cost of neglect, describing defects as anything that slows developers down—not just issues that impact end users. Later in the conv…
…
continue reading
Aji and Sally sit down to discuss their struggles with ADHD and the systems they have in place to stay focused at work. They each share the note taking systems and tools they use to navigate a normal working day, how they came to fully understand and manage their ADHD, and Sally reminds us all why it’s very important to use a slash in your Slack re…
…
continue reading
Please enjoy this encore of Word Notes. A process of hiding the complexity of a system by providing an interface that eases its manipulation. CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/abstraction-layer Audio reference link: “What Is Abstraction in Computer Science,” by Codexpanse, YouTube, 29 October 2018.…
…
continue reading
Ryan welcomes Dhruv Batra, co-founder and chief scientist at Yutori, to explore the future of AI agents, how AI usage is changing the way people interact with advertisements and the web as a whole, and the challenges that proactive AI agents may face when being integrated into workflows and personal internet use. Episode notes: Yutori is building A…
…
continue reading
This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. A motivation to share this show was the episode 4454: AI, It's a Trap!, by Archer72. This is a talk for Hacker Public Radio about characteristics of LLM and how you can use them for your best. 1st characteristic, LLMs (Large Language Models) are designed to always give an answer that convinces. That …
…
continue reading
Denis Stetskov describes how we’ve “normalized catastrophe” in the software industry, Meta is officially handing React and React Native over to a foundation, The New Stack reports on GitHub’s Azure migration priority, Miguel Grinberg benchmarks Python 3.14, and The Oatmeal’s Matthew Inman published his take on AI art. View the newsletter Join the d…
…
continue reading
Show notes: TWiQ: Testing in production – EP 107By Testing Podcast
…
continue reading
Welcome back to the new season of the CSS Podcast, where Una and Bramus are your guides, your cohosts, and your CSS best friends. In this episode we dig into two very powerful new CSS features: inline conditionals with the if() function, and custom functions. Resources: CSS if() function specification → https://goo.gle/3IBChWo Article on if() by Un…
…
continue reading

1
Episode 482: I got a promotion, but a tiny raise and an imposter interviewed for my team
31:47
31:47
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
31:47In this episode, Dave and Jamison answer these questions: After a year of trying, I recently got promoted to staff engineer! It’s great to receive recognition for my work, but i’m not actually very happy, because I only got a 4% raise! I spoke with a former coworker about how much a staff engineer in my role should expect, and he said that he would…
…
continue reading
Scott and Wes dive into Chrome’s new MCP server; a dev tools API powered by Puppeteer that gives your scripts, editors, and AI agents full access to Chrome. They break down how it works, what it can (and can’t) do, and how it might change debugging and automation for developers Show Notes 00:00 Welcome to Syntax! 01:15 Syntax San Francisco Meetup. …
…
continue reading

1
Columbia CS Professor: Why LLMs Can’t Discover New Science
50:54
50:54
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
50:54From GPT-1 to GPT-5, LLMs have made tremendous progress in modeling human language. But can they go beyond that to make new discoveries and move the needle on scientific progress? We sat down with distinguished Columbia CS professor Vishal Misra to discuss this, plus why chain-of-thought reasoning works so well, what real AGI would look like, and w…
…
continue reading

1
New book from Dr. Anand Singh, why CISOs buy, and the latest news - Anand Singh - ESW #428
1:43:44
1:43:44
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:43:44Segment 1 - Interview with Dr. Anand Singh We're always thrilled to have authors join us to discuss their new book releases, and this week, it is Dr. Anand Singh. He seriously hustled to get his new book, Data Security in the Age of AI, out as soon as possible so that it could help folks dealing with securing AI rollouts right now! We'll discuss wh…
…
continue reading

1
686: Todd Libby on Deceptive Patterns
1:00:22
1:00:22
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:00:22Show Description Todd Libby is on the show to talk with us about deceptive patterns on the web, what WCAG is and who it's for, and 5 deceptive patterns in use on the web today. Listen on Website Watch on YouTube Guests Todd Libby Guest's Main URL • Guest's Social Web developer and developer advocate from Portland, Maine now living in Phoenix, Arizo…
…
continue reading
Hiring great engineers is one of the most important—and difficult—parts of an engineering manager’s job. In this episode, we break down the full hiring journey: from writing effective job descriptions and structuring interviews to evaluating candidates and making the final call. We’ll also touch on building inclusive processes, avoiding common hiri…
…
continue reading

1
Software Leadership with Jonathan “J.” Tower - Episode 371
35:15
35:15
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
35:15Jonathan Tower is known to friends and colleagues simply as “J.” J. is a Microsoft MVP, Telerik Developer Expert, and the founder of Trailhead Technology Partners, a global custom software consultancy. With nearly 25 years of experience in the industry, J. has held roles ranging from senior architect to director of development, and now leads a team…
…
continue reading

1
What Happened to Hacker Culture? [Threat Vector]
38:02
38:02
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
38:02While the N2K team is observing Indigenous Peoples' Day, we thought you'd enjoy this episode of the Threat Vector podcast from our N2K Cyberwire network partner, Palo Alto Networks. New episodes of Threat Vector release each Thursday. We hope you will explore their catalog and subscribe to the show. Join David Moulton, Senior Director of Thought Le…
…
continue reading
This show has been flagged as Explicit by the host. Part I - Lee talks about: Cyber - Capture the flag, providing OAuth, Secure design and static typing Databases - SQL Server, MySQL and SQLite Test Frameworks Generative AI for coding Hardware (as in IoT, not as in computers) Part II - A ramble about neurdivergence In academia and work Accommodatio…
…
continue reading

1
Monitoring the Situation #3: Who Is Nick Land?
52:44
52:44
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
52:44Zach Dell is founder and CEO of Base Power, an energy tech company that builds affordable, reliable power via home batteries. In this episode of Monitoring the Situation, a16z General Partners Erik Torenberg, Katherine Boyle, and Erin Price-Wright sit down with Zach to discuss the current state of home power generation, what’s misunderstood about t…
…
continue reading

1
Chetan Conikee: Create narratives of your journey. [CTO] [Career Notes]
10:29
10:29
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
10:29Please enjoy this encore of Career Notes. Founder and CTO of ShiftLeft, Chetan Conikee shares his story from computer science to founding his own company. When choosing a career, Chetan notes that "the liking and doing has to matter and be in conjunction with each other." Explaining the parallels in his home country of India and where he studied hi…
…
continue reading

1
No honor among thieves. [Research Saturday]
25:03
25:03
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
25:03John Fokker, Head of Threat Intelligence at Trellix is discussing "Gang Wars: Breaking Trust Among Cyber Criminals." Trellix researchers reveal how the once-organized ransomware underworld is collapsing under its own paranoia. Once united through Ransomware-as-a-Service programs, gangs are now turning on each other — staging hacks, public feuds, an…
…
continue reading

1
Ballistic Hot Dogs, Clayrat, Twonet, Lockbit, Resumes, Discord, Aaran Leyland and... - SWN #519
31:50
31:50
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
31:50Ballistic Hot Dogs, Sonicwall, Clayrat, Twonet, Lockbit, Breachforums, Resumes, Discord, Aaran Leyland, and More on this edition of the Security Weekly News. Visit https://www.securityweekly.com/swn for all the latest episodes! Show Notes: https://securityweekly.com/swn-519
…
continue reading
International law enforcement take down the Breachforums domains. Researchers link exploitation campaigns targeting Cisco, Palo Alto Networks, and Fortinet. Juniper Networks patches over 200 vulnerabilities. Apple and Google update their bug bounties. Evaluating AI use in application security (AppSec) programs. Microsegmentation can contain ransomw…
…
continue reading

1
A new direction for AI developer tooling (Friends)
1:29:52
1:29:52
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:29:52Elixir creator, José Valim, is throwing his hat into the coding agent ring with Tidewave –a coding agent for full-stack web development. Tidewave runs in the browser alongside your app, but it’s also deeply integrated into Rails and Phoenix. On this episode, José tells us all about it. Also: his agent flow, YOLO mode, an MCP hot take, and more. Joi…
…
continue reading

1
930: In Case You Missed It in September 2025
37:25
37:25
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
37:25Jon Krohn’s highlights from this month of interviews focus on ways to future-proof your career, looking at the hardware that will get you the most mileage, the emerging roles that are well worth a look, and the developments in AI that will endure in a field constantly testing the durability of its own breakthroughs. Additional materials: …
…
continue reading

1
#192 Evan You – From Art School Kid to Open Source Legend
1:20:45
1:20:45
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
1:20:45Evan You is the creator of the popular Vue JavaScript library for front end development and the Vite JavaScript build tool that a lot of devs use as a boilerplate for their new projects. He's a self-taught developer based in Singapore. He shares tips for: - Getting involved in open source - Leading open source projects and attracting sponsors - And…
…
continue reading
Sigcore UC on Crowd Supply Alice for Power BI Mike on X Mike on BlueSky Coder on X Show Discord Alice & Custom Dev Mike's Recent Omakub Blog PostBy The Mad Botter
…
continue reading

1
Vite is like the United Nations of JavaScript
27:08
27:08
Play later
Play later
Lists
Like
Liked
27:08Ryan welcomes back Evan You, the creator of Vite and Vue.js, to discuss the evolution of build tools in web development, the unique features of Vite from its plugins to its hot module capabilities, and the future of Vite, including its integration with Rust. Plus, they touch on Vite’s new documentary and the power of open-source communities. Episod…
…
continue reading
This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. Hello, this is your host, Archer72 for Hacker Public Radio In this episode, I get a crash course on git, and thought it would make a good episode. Not actually on git itself, but how to use it on Github and Gitlab. First off, I am looking for a job, so I thought it would be a great time to brush up o…
…
continue reading