The first two years of the Second Spanish Republic were marked by a great burst of reformist energy after years of stagnation. The changes made though sparked a conservative reaction that would in turn dominate the next two, and set the stage for the proponents of the New and Old Spains to be hopelessly polarized against each other.

Bibliography for this episode:

1. Preston, Paul A People Betrayed: A History of Corruption, Political Incompetence, and Social Division in Modern Spain 1874-2018 William Collins 2020
2. Jackson, Gabriel The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-39 Princeton University Press 1965
3. Preston, Paul The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge Harper Perennial 2006
4. Thomas, Hugh The Spanish Civil War Modern Library 2001
5. Evans, Danny Revolution and the State: Anarchism in the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 AK Press 2020
6. Payne, Stanley G. Fascism in Spain 1923-1977 University of Wisconsin Press 1999

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