Start with a single word—Congress—and watch the ground shift beneath your feet. We pull back the curtain on how rights that began as limits on the federal government became limits on states, tracing the winding path from Reconstruction’s ambitions to today’s near-universal incorporation of the Bill of Rights.
With constitutional law scholar Dr. Beienberg, we revisit Madison’s failed bid to bind states, the post–Civil War demand for a national floor of fundamental rights, and the strange turn that sidelined the Privileges or Immunities Clause. From Cruikshank’s detour to the rise of substantive due process, we explore how the Court first protected economic liberty, then pivoted to civil liberties by redefining “fundamental” under the Fourteenth Amendment. Along the way, Hugo Black argues for total incorporation as a cleaner, less discretionary rule, while later courts adopt a selective, case-by-case method that ultimately applies most of the first eight amendments to the states.
We break down why speech, religion, counsel, and search-and-seizure protections now operate in state courts; how decisions like McDonald v. Chicago weigh tradition and state constitutional practice; and why today’s framework gives citizens overlapping protections from both federal and state charters. If you’ve ever wondered whether due process, equal protection, or privileges or immunities should carry the constitutional load, this conversation gives you the history, the doctrine, and the stakes. Listen, share with a friend who loves constitutional puzzles, and leave a review to tell us which incorporation model you think gets it right.

Check Out the Civic Literacy Curriculum!

School of Civic and Economic Thought and Leadership

Center for American Civics