What can you learn after processing observations across 900 severe fires? A lot. Actually, I will send you to the paper straight away:

Evaluating 900 Potentially Harming Fires in Germany: Is the Prescriptive Building Code Effective? German Fire Departments Assessed Fire Safety Measures in Buildings Through On-Site Inspections

And now let's dissect this. We sit down with Björn Maiworm of the Munich Fire Department to unpack a decade of structured observations from more than 2,000 significant incidents (900 in the paper but the database already grew!) across Germany—and the results may challenge the assumptions of Fire Safety Engineers. Smoke spread shows up as way more common, despite that legislation should prevent it, and is often seen breaching beyond the apartment of origin when doors are left open, self-closers are defeated, or vertical shafts pull hot gases to the top floor. Meanwhile, true flame spread between units is relatively rare, suggesting that basic compartmentation and detailing are quiet success stories.
We also talk about people. Injuries appear in roughly a third of these consequential fires and fatalities in 6 to 7 percent, with risk concentrated in prisons, elder care, and dense low-income housing. Building age isn’t the driver; height and social factors are. Where self-closing doors are mandated and maintained, smoke infiltration to stairs drops—just not as far as theory predicts, thanks to behavior and upkeep realities. That gap between paper and practice is where small, targeted fixes make the biggest difference.
On emerging risks, the data draws sharp lines. Mass timber’s challenge isn’t fire resistance; it’s the speed and multi-floor spread when exposed surfaces meet window plumes. The result can outpace practical firefighting capacity. By contrast, shifting a typical household to an EV, PV, and home battery can reduce overall fire probability; the true hazards arise from poor products, DIY installs, and dense storage arrangements. The smart response is segmentation and simple physical breaks that buy time, not blanket bans or panic.
We close by reframing fire safety as a complex system problem. Instead of chasing perfect proofs, we can use continuous field feedback to find the leverage points: doors that stay shut, shafts treated as priority risks, vulnerable occupancies protected with tailored measures, and dispatch data that points crews to the right entrance first.

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