As of March 2025, Elon Musk, the richest person in the world according to Bloomberg, was valued to be worth 311 billion dollars. To help put this quantity in perspective: In order for the average middle-class person earning around $45,000 a year to earn even $1 billion, they would have to devote all their time to work, while spending nothing, for over 21,000 years—that is, longer than human history.

Given the extent of dire need across the world, it seems grossly unethical for anyone to have that kind of money. From a Catholic perspective, we need to take seriously not only concerns rooted in natural law ethics, regarding the flourishing of the person and the common good, but also traditional teachings about the moral obligations around money. Scripture is filled with warnings about the serious, possibly eternal punishments in store for those who hoard wealth at the expense of the poor. Does that mean billionaires are going to hell?

On this episode of Glad You Asked, hosts Emily Sanna and Rebecca Bratten Weiss talk to moral theologian Nicholas Hayes-Mota about the Catholic Church’s teaching on wealth and whether amassing vast amounts of money is a sin.

Hayes-Mota is a social ethicist and public theologian whose research interests include the theology of community organizing, Catholic social thought, contemporary virtue ethics, democratic theory, and AI ethics.

Read more about the ethics of wealth inequality:

“Pope Francis: Powerful and Rich Risk Going to Hell If They Ignore the Poor,” by David Gibson

“Why the wealth gap is bad for everyone.” A U.S. Catholic interview

“Why wealth inequality matters,” by Kevin Clarke

“The Universal Destination of Goods in St. John Chrysostom,” by Antônio Lemos

Rerum Novarum (Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor), encyclical of Pope Leo XIII

Populorum Progressio (On the Development of Peoples), encyclical of Paul VI

Fratelli Tutti (On Fraternity and Social Friendship), encyclical of Pope Francis

Read more by Nicholas Hayes-Mota:

“We need to reclaim the legacy of Christian nonviolence,” U.S. Catholic

“Principle in Practice: A MacIntyrean Analysis of Community Organizing and the Catholic Social Tradition.” Journal of Catholic Social Thought

“Partners in Forming the People: Jacques Maritain, Saul Alinsky, and the Project of Personalist Democracy.” Journal of Moral Theology

“An Accountable Church? Broad-Based Community Organizing and Ecclesial Ethics,” Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics