Meet the hand-sized instrument that can mimic the pressures at Earth's core—and even Jupiter's. We trace the Diamond Anvil Cell from Bridgman's early anvils to the late-1950s breakthrough that paired two gem-quality diamonds with a metal gasket to trap samples. Learn how hydrostatic pressure is kept with a pressure-transmitting medium, how ruby fluorescence measures force, and how real-time optical observation opened doors before X-ray methods. See how this tiny device is revolutionizing materials research and astrobiology, from discovering new phases of matter to tests of life's limits under extreme pressure, and what it could mean for the future of energy and planetary science.

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