Welcome to Episode 12 of Season 3: Unlocking Advanced Topics! This episode introduces mathematical concepts related to probability. It begins by defining states within probability problems and outlines steps for solving them, including assigning variables and setting up equations. The episode then presents examples to illustrate these concepts, progressing from basic probability scenarios, like coin flips, to more complex problems involving recursion and the expected value of states. Solutions and remarks accompany these examples, providing further clarity on the application of probability principles.