4/8. The Second Eurasian Invasion: Herding Culture, Wolves, and the Birth of the Global Market Economy — Dan Flores — European colonists expressed astonishment regarding the extraordinary abundance of American wildlife following the catastrophic population decline of Native American societies. Flores explains that European settlers possessed a distinctive herding culture and ideology of human exceptionalism—the conviction that animals lack souls and exist solely as human resources. Flores documents that colonists immediately targeted apex predators, particularly wolves, for systematic elimination. Flores argues that this predator-eradication philosophy, combined with the emergence of the global market economy and Adam Smith's ideas of rational self-interest, transformed wild animals into commodities, exemplified by the systematic fur trade targeting beaver populations.