This text outlines a perspective that views biological systems and advanced technologies as sharing significant similarities in their systems-level organization, despite their distinct physical forms. The author suggests that convergent evolution in both fields leads to features like modular architectures, hierarchical protocols, and layers of feedback regulation, primarily driven by the need for robustness against unpredictable environments using often imperfect components. This inherent complexity is frequently obscured during normal operation or in controlled settings, only becoming apparent when contributing to rare, cascading failures. Ultimately, the work posits that these seemingly paradoxical features stem from a necessary connection between robustness, complexity, modularity, and fragility, using insights from engineering theory to illuminate biological complexity.

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