In this episode, Dr Tim Stevens, co-editor of the Research Handbook on Cyberwarfare, explores the evolving realities of cyber warfare and its growing impact on global security. He discusses the challenges of defining cyberwarfare, tracing its development from early military computing to today’s complex cyber operations across a distinct digital battlespace. The conversation examines the key players in cyberwarfare—from states to non-state actors and cybercriminal groups—their motivations, tactics, and the broader consequences of their actions on critical infrastructure and civilian life. Dr Stevens also addresses the difficulties of international regulation in cyberspace and the ethical dilemmas that arise when cyber operations blur the lines between military and civilian targets.